primary human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells hlecs  (PromoCell)

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: APOA1 binding protein promotes lymphatic cell fate and lymphangiogenesis by relieving caveolae-mediated inhibition of VEGFR3 signaling

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60611-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a TEM analysis of control and recombinant AIBP-treated hLECs. Arrows depict caveolae. b Quantification of caveolae in ( a ). n = 35 (control) and n = 36 (AIBP) cells. Data are Mean ± SE; unpaired two-sided t -test with Welch’s correction. c TEM analysis of caveolae in ECs of the cardinal vein from control and apoa1bp2 −/− zebrafish. Arrows indicate closed caveolae and arrowheads show open caveolae. d Quantification of caveolae in cardinal vein ECs. n = 27 (control) and n = 29 ( apo1bp2 −/− ) cells. Data are Mean ± SE; unpaired two-sided t -test with Welch’s correction. e Scheme illustration of 4 hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHT)-induced ubiquitous mEos2-APOA1 expression. f Representative images of control and mEos2-APOA1 expressed embryos after 4OHT treatment. Embryos were imaged at 2 dpf. The white dashed line demarcates the control animals. The results are representative of 3 independent repeats. g Photoconversion and vascular circulation of mEos2-APOA1. The head regions of embryos were exposed to UV light for 1 min to induce photoconversion. h Analysis of mEos2-APOA1 secretion. The specified tail region was imaged, and the maximum RFP-to-GFP signal ratio within the ISV lumen was quantified. n = 8 intersegmental vessels from 2 embryos. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. i Maxi-projection confocal images of Prox1 + cells in the apoa1bp −/− ; fli1a:egfp zebrafish with control (mEos2-APOA1) and mEos2-APOA1 overexpression (ubi:Gal4-ERT2+mEos2-APOA1) at 4 dpf and immunostained with GFP (green) and Prox1 (red) antibodies. Arrowheads show the Prox1 + LECs in TD. j Quantitative data of Prox1 + LEC in TD (7 somites). n = 10 ( mEos-APOA1 ) and n = 11 ( ubi:Ert2-Gal4; mEos-APOA1 ) embryos. Data are Mean ± SE; unpaired two-sided t -test with Welch’s correction. CV cardinal vein. Scale bar: 400 nm in a and 500 nm in c ; 100 µm in ( f , g , i ). Source data are prov i ded as a file.

Article Snippet: Primary human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (hLECs) were purchased from PromoCell (Cat # C-12216 and C-12217).

Techniques: Control, Recombinant, Expressing, Over Expression

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: APOA1 binding protein promotes lymphatic cell fate and lymphangiogenesis by relieving caveolae-mediated inhibition of VEGFR3 signaling

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60611-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a − d Effect of MβCD on VEGFR3 phosphorylation. a hLECs were growth factor-starved, and treated with 10 mM MβCD for 5, 15, and 30 min, and the resulting cells were further stimulated with 100 ng/mL VEGFC. The resulting cells were lysed and blotted using CAV-1, VEGFR3, GAPDH antibodies. b Quantitative analysis of panel a. Mean ± SD, n = 3 repeats; two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test. c , hLECs were treated as in panel a. and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated using VEGFR3 antibody. Immunoblotting was performed using anti-phosphotyrosine (4G10) and VEGFR3 antibodies. d Quantitative analysis of ( c ). n = 3 repeats. Data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. e , f Effect of AIBP treatment on VEGFR3 distribution in caveolar fractions. e hLECs were incubated with either recombinant AIBP or vehicle control in EBM2 supplemented with 10% FBS for 2 h, and the cells were subjected to sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. n = 3 repeats. The resulting fractions were collected for Western blot analysis as indicated. Tx treatment; cav: caveolar fraction; n.c non-caveolar fraction. f Quantitative data of ( e ). Mean ± SD; two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post-hoc test. n = 3 repeats. g , h Effect of AIBP and HDL co-treatment on VEGFR3 signaling. g hLECs were growth factor-starved and treated with HDL, AIBP, or HDL and AIBP in combination, and further stimulated with VEGFC. The resulting cells were lysed and immunoblotted as indicated. h Quantitative data of ERK and AKT activation. Mean ± SD; two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. n = 3 repeats. Ctrl: control. i Maxi-projection confocal images of Prox1 + and pErk1/2 + cells in the apoa1bp −/− ; fli1a:egfp zebrafish at 36 hpf following immunostaining using GFP, pErk1/2, and Prox1 antibodies. Dorsal (DA) aorta and cardinal vein (CV) were imaged. Arrows show the Prox1 + LECs with pErk1/2 expression. j Quantitative data of pErk1/2 intensity in Prox1 + LECs. Data are Mean ± SE; unpaired two-sided t -test with Welch’s correction. n = 146 (control) and n = 166 ( apoa1bp −/− ) cells. Scale bar: 50 µm. Source data are provided as a file.

Article Snippet: Primary human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (hLECs) were purchased from PromoCell (Cat # C-12216 and C-12217).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Incubation, Recombinant, Control, Activation Assay, Immunostaining, Expressing

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: APOA1 binding protein promotes lymphatic cell fate and lymphangiogenesis by relieving caveolae-mediated inhibition of VEGFR3 signaling

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60611-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Conserved CAV-1 binding site on VEGFR3 in human (Hu), mouse (Ms), and zebrafish (Zf). The conserved amino acids are shown in blue. b Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous VEGFR3 and CAV-1 in hLECs. Lysates from two 10 cm confluent plates of hLECs were combined, then equally divided for immunoprecipitation using VEGFR3 antibody or control protein A beads. The samples were subsequently immunoblotted for CAV-1 and VEGFR3. c , d VEGFR3 AAA loses its binding to CAV-1. c hLECs were transfected with control EGFP, VEGFR3-EGFP (R3), or VEGFR3 AAA -EGFP (R3 AAA ) using lentivirus-mediated gene transduction. After 72 hours, the resulting cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with GFP antibody conjugated to agarose beads and immunoblotted using GFP and CAV-1 antibodies. d The input lysates were immunoblotted using GFP, CAV1, or GAPDH antibody as indicated. e Localization of VEGFR3 and VEGFR3 AAA in caveolae. hLECs were transduced with VEGFR3-APEX2 or VEGFR3 AAA -APEX2 Lenti-viral particles, and after 72 h, cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, stained using DAB substrate kit, and pelleted for TEM analysis. An enlarged view of a single caveola, highlighted with a white box, is shown in the top left corner of each image. f – h hLECs were transduced using lentivirus, and the resulting cells were growth factor starved and treated with 100 ng/mL VEGFC for 20 min, cells were then lysed and immunoblotted as indicated. R3/R3 AAA -EGFP denotes detection using GFP antibody. Quantitative data of VEGFR3 activation ( g ), ERK activation ( i ), and AKT activation ( j ) were shown. Mean ± SD; two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. n = 3 independent repeats in g , i , j . Endg: endogenous. Scale bar: 400 nm. Source data are provided as a file.

Article Snippet: Primary human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (hLECs) were purchased from PromoCell (Cat # C-12216 and C-12217).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Control, Transfection, Transduction, Staining, Activation Assay

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: CXCR4/CXCL12 axis promotes lymphatic metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-06707-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling promotes lymphangiogenesis in TSCC. a Cell proliferation of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) treated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml) or vehicle control, assessed by CCK-8 assay. b Wound healing assay showing the effect of CXCL12 on HLEC migration. Representative images (left) and quantification (right). Scale bars, 100 μm. c Tube formation assay of HLECs treated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml) or vehicle control. Representative images (left) and quantification (right). Scale bars, 100 μm. d Western blot analysis of lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and Prox1) in HLECs treated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml) or vehicle control. Representative blots (left) and quantification (right). e Western blot analysis of PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in HLECs treated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml) or vehicle control. Representative blots (left) and quantification (right). f Tube formation assay of HLECs treated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml), LY294002 (20 μM), or CXCL12 + LY294002. Representative images (left) and quantification (right). Scale bars, 100 μm. g Schematic representation of the co-culture system used to investigate the interaction between TSCC cells and HLECs. h Transwell migration assay of HLECs co-cultured with CAL-27 cells with different CXCR4 expression levels. Representative images (left) and quantification (right). Scale bars, 100 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001 , ****p < 0.0001 (compared to Control); #### p < 0.0001 (compared to CXCL12)

Article Snippet: Human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) were obtained from PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: Control, CCK-8 Assay, Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Tube Formation Assay, Western Blot, Co-Culture Assay, Transwell Migration Assay, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: CXCR4/CXCL12 axis promotes lymphatic metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-06707-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Autocrine and Paracrine Effects of TSCC-Derived CXCL12 and Generalizability of CXCR4/CXCL12 Signaling. a Transwell migration assay of CAL-27 cells stimulated with their own conditioned medium (CM). b Transwell invasion assay of CAL-27 cells under the same conditions as ( a ). c Tube formation assay of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) stimulated with CAL-27 conditioned medium. d Transwell migration assay of HSC-3 TSCC cells. e Transwell invasion assay of HSC-3 cells under the same conditions as ( d ). f Western blot analysis of phosphorylated AKT (P-AKT) and total AKT in HSC-3 cells. g ELISA quantification of CXCL12 levels in serum-free medium (Control) and CAL-27 conditioned medium (CAL-27 CM) after 48 h of culture. Representative images are shown for A-E. Bar graphs represent quantification of migrated/invaded cells or relative length of tubes, presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 (compared to control); ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 (compared to CM or CXCL12 group); &&& p < 0.001, &&&& p < 0.0001 (compared to CM + IgG group); ns = not significant

Article Snippet: Human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) were obtained from PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Transwell Migration Assay, Transwell Invasion Assay, Tube Formation Assay, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Fibroblasts regulate lymphatic barrier functions in a tissue dependent manner

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.17.649442

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic diagram of transwell secretome experiment. ( B) TEER measurements of hLEC monolayers after 48 hours of treatment with dermal fibroblast secretomes with [NHDF(G)] and without growth factors [NHDF(B)]. ( C) Representative immunofluorescence images of VE-cadherin, claudin-5, and ZO-1 on hLECs following treatment with NHDF secretomes. (D) Quantification of VE-cadherin, claudin-5, and ZO-1 expression levels using ImageJ (FIJI). (E) Quantification of lymphatic markers LYVE-1 and PROX1 expression in hLEC monolayers treated with NHDF secretomes. (F) FITC–Dextran (4 kDa) transport assay across hLECs after NHDF secretome treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n = 6 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed t -test; p > 0.05 = not significant (ns), p ≤ 0.0001 = extremely significant (****). For the permeability (transport) assay ( n = 3, representative), statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Human primary dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs) (PromoCell, C-12217) were seeded onto the bottom side of Transwell inserts (1 μm pore size, Falcon®, 353103), coated with 50 μg/mL rat tail collagen I (Corning, 354236).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Transport Assay, Two Tailed Test, Permeability

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Fibroblasts regulate lymphatic barrier functions in a tissue dependent manner

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.17.649442

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic diagram of transwell co-culture experiment. (B ) Schematic diagram of cells seedings and co-culture. (C) TEER measurements of hLEC monolayers after 48 hours of co-culture with dermal fibroblast with [NHDF(G)] and without growth factors [NHDF(B)]. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of VE-cadherin, and ZO-1 on hLECs following co-culture with NHDFs. (E) Quantification of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 expression levels using ImageJ (FIJI). (F) FITC–Dextran (4 kDa) transport assay across hLECs after co-culture with NHDFs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n = 6 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed t -test; p > 0.05 = not significant (ns), p ≤ 0.0001 = extremely significant (****). For the permeability (transport) assay ( n = 5, representative), statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Human primary dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs) (PromoCell, C-12217) were seeded onto the bottom side of Transwell inserts (1 μm pore size, Falcon®, 353103), coated with 50 μg/mL rat tail collagen I (Corning, 354236).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Transport Assay, Two Tailed Test, Permeability

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Fibroblasts regulate lymphatic barrier functions in a tissue dependent manner

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.17.649442

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Quantitative analysis of ZO-1 distribution and organization in hLEC monolayers using JAnaP after 48 hours of co-culture with NHDFs. (B) Immunoblot analysis of total ZO-1 (220 kDa) and VE-cadherin (120 kDa) protein expression levels in hLECs following co-culture. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression levels of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin in hLECs under the same conditions. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n > 2 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed t -test; p > 0.05 = not significant (ns), p ≤ 0.0001 = extremely significant (****).

Article Snippet: Human primary dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs) (PromoCell, C-12217) were seeded onto the bottom side of Transwell inserts (1 μm pore size, Falcon®, 353103), coated with 50 μg/mL rat tail collagen I (Corning, 354236).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Fibroblasts regulate lymphatic barrier functions in a tissue dependent manner

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.17.649442

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) TEER measurements of hLEC monolayers after 48 hours of treatment with NHLF secretomes or fibroblast media. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of VE-cadherin, and ZO-1 on hLECs following treatment with NHLF secretome. (C) Quantification of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 expression levels using ImageJ (FIJI). (D) FITC–Dextran (4 kDa) transport assay across hLECs after treatment with 10, 25 and 50% NHLF secretome. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n = 6 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed t -test; p > 0.05 = not significant (ns), p ≤ 0.0001 = extremely significant (****). For the transport assay ( n = 3, representative), statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Human primary dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs) (PromoCell, C-12217) were seeded onto the bottom side of Transwell inserts (1 μm pore size, Falcon®, 353103), coated with 50 μg/mL rat tail collagen I (Corning, 354236).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Transport Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Fibroblasts regulate lymphatic barrier functions in a tissue dependent manner

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.17.649442

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) TEER measurements of hLEC monolayers after 4 hours of thrombin treatment followed by 48 hours of co-culture with dermal fibroblast (NHDF(G) ( n = 3 ). (B) Total cell counts ( n = 6 ). (C) FITC–Dextran (4 kDa) transport assay across hLECs after 4 hours of thrombin stimulation and/or NHDF co-culture for 48 hours. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin on hLECs with and without thrombin treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n = 3-6 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed t -test; p > 0.05 = not significant (ns), p ≤ 0.0001 = extremely significant (****). For the transport assay, statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Human primary dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs) (PromoCell, C-12217) were seeded onto the bottom side of Transwell inserts (1 μm pore size, Falcon®, 353103), coated with 50 μg/mL rat tail collagen I (Corning, 354236).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Transport Assay, Immunofluorescence, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cancer Medicine

Article Title: The MIR181A2HG / miR ‐5680/ VCAN ‐ CD44 Axis Regulates Gastric Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

doi: 10.1002/cam4.70600

Figure Lengend Snippet: High expression of MIR181A2HG promotes lymphatic metastasis in vivo. (A) Representative image of a nude mouse popliteal LNs metastasis model. (B, C) qRT‐PCR detection of MIR181A2HG expression in different GC cells, normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells (B), and different treatment groups (C). (D) Representative images of cell bioluminescence, HE staining (popliteal LN, scale bar, 20 and 200 μm), and IHC of LYVE‐1, a marker of lymphatic vessels (footpad tumor, scale bar, 50 μm). (E) Quantification of the bioluminescence in popliteal LNs metastasis model. (F, G) Quantification of the volume (F) and weight (G) of metastatic popliteal LNs. (H) Representative images of metastatic popliteal LNs. (I) Representative images of tube formation and transwell migration of HLECs treated with conditioned medium from different treatment groups: Si‐NC (control group), si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1), si‐#2 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐2). Statistical significance was assessed using two‐tailed t ‐tests. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, # p > 0.05 (scale bar, 50 μm).

Article Snippet: The gastric mucosa cell line GES‐1, seven gastric cancer cell lines (MKN‐45, BGC‐823, SGC‐7901, AGS, and HGC‐27), THP‐1 and Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (California, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Staining, Marker, Migration, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cancer Medicine

Article Title: The MIR181A2HG / miR ‐5680/ VCAN ‐ CD44 Axis Regulates Gastric Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

doi: 10.1002/cam4.70600

Figure Lengend Snippet: GC cell CM induces M2‐like polarization of macrophages, promoting lymphangiogenesis. (A) Immunofluorescence shows changes in the M2‐type macrophage marker (CD163) after treatment with conditioned medium from different treatment groups: Si‐NC (control group) and si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1) (scale bar, 50 μm). (B) Quantification of the Proportion of M2 Macrophages (CD163) Among Total Macrophages (CD68). (C) Schematic of the co‐culture model of GC cells and macrophages promoting HLECs lymphangiogenesis. (D) Typical images of macrophage morphological changes after treatment with PMA and GC cell CM (scale bar, 20 μm). (E–H) qRT‐PCR detection of typical M2 markers (CD163, CD206, and IL‐10) and M1 markers (iNOS, IL‐6, and TNFα) in PMA‐treated THP‐1 cells cultured with CM from different treatment groups (si‐NC, si‐#1 and si‐#2) of GC cells. (I) ELISA experiment detects the content of VEGF‐C in the CM after culturing macrophages with CM from different treatment groups (si‐NC, si‐#1 and si‐#2) of GC cells. (J) Immunofluorescence shows changes in the macrophage marker (CD163) after treatment with CM from different treatment groups: Si‐NC, si‐#1 and si‐#2 (scale bar, 50 μm). (K) Tube formation and transwell experiments detect the effects of tube formation and migration invasion ability of HLECS by macrophage CM from different treatment groups: Si‐NC, si‐#1 and si‐#1 + recombinant VEGF‐C protein. Statistical significance was assessed using two‐tailed t ‐tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (scale bar, 50 μm).

Article Snippet: The gastric mucosa cell line GES‐1, seven gastric cancer cell lines (MKN‐45, BGC‐823, SGC‐7901, AGS, and HGC‐27), THP‐1 and Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (California, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Marker, Control, Co-Culture Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration, Recombinant, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cancer Medicine

Article Title: The MIR181A2HG / miR ‐5680/ VCAN ‐ CD44 Axis Regulates Gastric Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

doi: 10.1002/cam4.70600

Figure Lengend Snippet: The MIR181A2HG/miR‐5680/VCAN axis affects lymphangiogenesis by influencing the polarization of M2‐type macrophages. (A) Elisa detection of VCAN protein expression levels in different treatment groups of GC cells: NC, si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1), si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor, si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor +si‐VCAN. (B–E) qRT‐PCR detection of typical M2 markers (CD163, CD206, and IL‐10) and M1 markers (iNOS, IL‐6, and TNFα) in PMA‐treated THP‐1 cells cultured with CM from different treatment groups (NC, si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1), si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor, si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor +si‐VCAN) of GC cells. (F) ELISA experiment detects the content of VEGF‐C in the supernatant after culturing macrophages with CM from different treatment groups (NC, si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1), si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor, si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor +si‐VCAN) of GC cells. (G–K) Tube formation and transwell experiments detect the effects and quantification of tube formation and migration invasion ability of HLECS by macrophage CM from different treatment groups: NC, si‐#1 (si‐MIR181A2HG‐1), si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor, si‐#1 + miR‐5680 inhibitor +si‐VCAN. Statistical significance was assessed using two‐tailed t ‐tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (scale bar, 50 μm).

Article Snippet: The gastric mucosa cell line GES‐1, seven gastric cancer cell lines (MKN‐45, BGC‐823, SGC‐7901, AGS, and HGC‐27), THP‐1 and Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (California, USA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Migration, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cancer Medicine

Article Title: The MIR181A2HG / miR ‐5680/ VCAN ‐ CD44 Axis Regulates Gastric Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

doi: 10.1002/cam4.70600

Figure Lengend Snippet: VCAN Induces M2 Macrophage Activation via Binding to CD44. (A) Prediction of VCAN interacting proteins based on online databases String, GeneMANIA, Hitpredict, Biogrid, Hint. (B) String database predicts CD44 interacts with VCAN. Purple line: Experimentally determined. Green line: Text mining. Black line: Co‐expression. (C) Co‐IP experiment detects the mutual binding of CD44 and VCAN in polarized macrophages. (D) Immunofluorescence detects the co‐localization of CD44 and VCAN in polarized macrophages (scale bar, 50 μm). (E–H) qRT‐PCR detection of typical M2 markers (CD163, CD206, and IL‐10) and M1 markers (iNOS, IL‐6, and TNFα) in PMA‐treated THP‐1 cells cultured with CM from different treatment groups (NC, VCAN recombinant protein, VCAN recombinant protein + anti‐CD44) of GC cells. (I) Immunofluorescence shows changes in the macrophage marker (CD163) after treatment with CM from different treatment groups: NC, VCAN recombinant protein, VCAN recombinant protein + anti‐CD44 (scale bar, 50 μm). (J) ELISA experiment detects the content of VEGF‐C in the supernatant after culturing macrophages with CM from different treatment groups (NC, VCAN recombinant protein, VCAN recombinant protein + anti‐CD44) of GC cells. (K) Tube formation and transwell experiments detect the effects of macrophage CM from different treatment groups (NC, VCAN recombinant protein, VCAN recombinant protein + anti‐CD44) on the tube formation and migration invasion ability of HLECS (scale bar, 50 μm). (L) Co‐IP experiment detects the mutual binding of CD44 and VCAN in GC cells. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The gastric mucosa cell line GES‐1, seven gastric cancer cell lines (MKN‐45, BGC‐823, SGC‐7901, AGS, and HGC‐27), THP‐1 and Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (California, USA).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Binding Assay, Expressing, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Recombinant, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration